2 مراجع و رفرنس های دوره کنترل عفونت
- Turjanmaa K, Reunala T, Alenius H, Brummer-Korvenkontio H,
Palosuo T. Allergens in latex surgical gloves and glove powder. Lancet
1990;336:1588. - Baur X, Chen Z, Allmers H. Can a threshold limit value for natural
rubber latex airborne allergens be defined? J Allergy Clin Immunol
1998;101:24–7. - Trape M, Schenck P, Warren A. Latex gloves use and symptoms in
health care workers 1 year after implementaion of a policy restricting
the use of powdered gloves. Am J Infec Control 2000;28:352–8. - Allmers H, Brehler R, Chen Z, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Fels H, Baur X.
Reduction of latex aeroallergens and latex-specific IgE antibodies in
sensitized workers after removal of powdered natural rubber latex gloves
in a hospital. Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;102:841–6. - Tarlo SM, Sussman G, Contala A, Swanson MC. Control of airborne
latex by use of powder-free latex gloves. J Allergy Clin Immunol
1994;93:985–9. - Swanson MC, Bubak ME, Hunt LW, Yunginger JW, Warner MA, Reed
CE. Quantification of occupational latex aeroallergens in a medical
center. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994;94:445–551. - Hermesch CB, Spackman GK, Dodge WW, Salazar A. Effect of
powder-free latex examination glove use on airborne powder levels in a
dental school clinic. J Dent Educ 1999;63:814–20. - Miller CH. Infection control strategies for the dental office [Chapter
29]. In: Ciancio SG, ed. ADA guide to dental therapeutics. 2nd ed.
Chicago, IL: ADA Publishing, 2000:543–58. - Primeau MN, Adkinson NF Jr, Hamilton RG. Natural rubber pharmaceutical vial closures release latex allergens that produce skin reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107:958–62.
- Spaulding EH. Chemical disinfection of medical and surgical materials [Chapter 32]. In: Lawrence CA, Block SS, eds. Disinfection, sterilization and preservation. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger, 1968:
517–31. - CDC. Guideline for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities: recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control
Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR (in press). - CDC. Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care
facilities: recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection
Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR
2003;52(No. RR-10).
Vol. 52 / RR-17 Recommendations and Reports 55 - US Environmental Protection Agency. 40 CFR Parts 152, 156, and
- Exemption of certain pesticide substances from federal insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide act requirements. Amended 1996.
Federal Register 1996;61:8876–9. - Food and Drug Administration. Dental handpiece sterilization [Letter]. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services,
Food and Drug Administration, 1992. - Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, American National Standards Institute. Steam sterilization and sterility
assurance in health care facilities. ANSI/AAMI ST46-2002. Arlington, VA: Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, 2002. - Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, American National Standards Institute. Steam sterilization and sterility
assurance using table-top sterilizers in office-based, ambulatory-care
medical, surgical, and dental facilities. ANSI/AAMI ST40-1998.
Arlington, VA: Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, 1998. - Favero MS, Bond WW. Chemical disinfection of medical and surgical
material [Chapter 43]. In: Block SS, ed. Disinfection, sterilization and
preservation. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
2001:881–917. - Parker HH 4th, Johnson RB. Effectiveness of ethylene oxide for sterilization of dental handpieces. J Dent 1995;23:113–5.
- Alfa MJ, Olson N, Degagne P, Hizon R. New low temperature sterilization technologies: microbicidal activity and clinical efficacy [Chapter 9]. In: Rutala WA, ed. Disinfection, sterilization, and antisepsis in
health-care. Champlain, NY: Polyscience Publications, 1998:67–78. - Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Clinical effectiveness of low-temperature
sterilization technologies. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998;
19:798–804. - Miller CH, Tan CM, Beiswanger MA, Gaines DJ, Setcos JC, Palenik
CJ. Cleaning dental instruments: measuring the effectiveness of an
instrument washer/disinfector. Am J Dent 2000;13:39–43. - Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. Chemical indicators—guidance for the selection, use, and interpretation of
results. AAMI Technical Information Report No. 25. Arlington, VA:
Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, 1999. - Ninemeier J. Central service technical manual. 5th ed. Chicago, IL:
International Association of Healthcare Central Service Materiel Management, 1998. - Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Choosing a sterilization wrap for surgical packs.
Infection Control Today 2000;4:64,70. - Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, American National Standards Institute. Good hospital practice: steam sterilization and sterility assurance. ANSI/AAMI ST46-1993. Arlington, VA:
Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, 1993. - Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, American National Standards Institute. Flash sterilization: steam sterilization of patient care items for immediate use. ANSI/AAMI ST37-1996.
Arlington, VA: Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, 1996. - Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, American National Standards Institute. Ethylene oxide sterilization in health
care facilities: safety and effectiveness. ANSI/AAMI ST41-1999.
Arlington, VA: Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, 1999. - Miller CH, Palenik CJ. Sterilization, disinfection, and asepsis in dentistry [Chapter 53]. In: Block SS, ed. 5th ed. Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, 2001:1049–68. - Joslyn LJ. Sterilization by heat [Chapter 36]. In: Block SS, ed. 5th ed.
Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation. Philadelphia, PA:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001:695–728. - Rutala WA, Weber DJ, Chappell KJ. Patient injury from flashsterilized instruments. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;20:458.
- Bond WW. Biological indicators for a liquid chemical sterilizer: a solution to the instrument reprocessing problem? Infect Control Hosp
Epidemiol 1993;14:309–12. - Stingeni L, Lapomarda V, Lisi P. Occupational hand dermatitis in hospital environments. Contact Dermatitis 1995;33:172–6.
- Ashdown BC, Stricof DD, May ML, Sherman SJ, Carmody RF.
Hydrogen peroxide poisoning causing brain infarction: neuroimaging
findings. Am J Roentgenol 1998;170:1653–5. - Ballantyne B. Toxicology of glutaraldehyde: review of studies and
human health effects. Danbury, CT: Union Carbide, 1995. - CDC. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Glutaraldehyde: occupational hazards in hospitals. Cincinnati, OH: US
Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service,
CDC, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 2001.
DHHS publication no. (NIOSH) 2001-115.
268 CDC. Epidemiologic notes and reports: symptoms of irritation associated with exposure to glutaraldehyde—Colorado. MMWR
1987;36:190–1. - Lehman PA, Franz TJ, Guin JD. Penetration of glutaraldehyde through
glove material: tactylon versus natural rubber latex. Contact Dermatitis 1994;30:176–7. - Hamann CP, Rodgers PA, Sullivan K. Allergic contact dermatitis in
dental professionals: effective diagnosis and treatment. J Am Dent Assoc
2003;134:185–94. - Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, American National Standards Institute. Safe use and handling of glutaraldehyde-based products in health care facilities. ANSI/AAMI ST58-1996.
Arlington, VA: Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, 1996. - Fisher AA. Ethylene oxide dermatitis. Cutis 1984;34:20, 22, 24.
- Jay WM, Swift TR, Hull DS. Possible relationship of ethylene oxide
exposure to cataract formation. Am J Ophthalmol 1982;93:727–32. - US Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Review of the ethylene oxide standard. Federal Register
2000;65:35127–8. - Pratt LH, Smith DG, Thornton RH, Simmons JB, Depta BB, Johnson
RB. The effectiveness of two sterilization methods when different
precleaning techniques are employed. J Dent 1999;27:247–8. - US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug
Administration. 21 CFR Part 872.6730. Dental devices; endodontic
dry heat sterilizer; final rule. Federal Register 1997;62:2903. - Favero MS. Current issues in hospital hygiene and sterilization technology. J Infect Control (Asia Pacific Edition) 1998;1:8–10.
- Greene WW. Control of sterilization process [Chapter 22]. In: Russell
AD, Hugo WB, Ayliffe GA, eds. Principles and practice of disinfection, preservation, and sterilization. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992:605–24.
56 MMWR December 19, 2003 - Favero MS. Developing indicators for sterilization [Chapter 13]. In:
Rutala W, ed. Disinfection, sterilization, and antisepsis in health care.
Washington, DC: Association for Professionals in Infection Control
and Epidemiology, Inc., 1998:119–32. - Maki DG, Hassemer CA. Flash sterilization: carefully measured haste.
Infect Control 1987;8:307–10. - Andres MT, Tejerina JM, Fierro JF. Reliability of biologic indicators in
a mail-return sterilization-monitoring service: a review of 3 years.
Quintessence Int 1995;26:865–70. - Miller CH, Sheldrake MA. The ability of biological indicators to
detect sterilization failures. Am J Dent 1994;7:95–7. - Association of Operating Room Nurses. AORN standards and recommended practices for perioperative nursing. Denver, CO: AORN, 1987.
- Mayworm D. Sterile shelf life and expiration dating. J Hosp Supply
Process Distrib 1984;2:32–5. - Cardo DM, Sehulster LM. Central sterile supply [Chapter 65]. In:
Mayhall CG, ed. Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control. 2nd
ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999:1023–30. - Maki DG, Alvarado CJ, Hassemer CA, Zilz MA. Relation of the
inanimate hospital environment to endemic nosocomial infection.
N Engl J Med 1982;307:1562–6. - Danforth D, Nicolle LE, Hume K, Alfieri N, Sims H. Nosocomial
infections on nursing units with floors cleaned with a disinfectant compared with detergent. J Hosp Infect 1987;10:229–35. - Crawford JJ. Clinical asepsis in dentistry. Mesquite, TX: Oral Medicine Press, 1987.
- Food and Drug Administration. Design control guidance for medical
device manufacturers. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and
Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, 1997. - Fauerbach LL, Janelle JW. Practical applications in infection control
[Chapter 45]. In: Block SS, ed. 5th ed. Disinfection, sterilization, and
preservation. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
2001:935–44. - Martin LS, McDougal JS, Loskoski SL. Disinfection and inactivation
of the human T lymphotrophic virus type III/lymphadenopathyassociated virus. J Infect Dis 1985;152:400–3. - Bloomfield SF, Smith-Burchnell CA, Dalgleish AG. Evaluation of
hypochlorite-releasing disinfectants against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). J Hosp Infect 1990;15:273–8. - Gerson SL, Parker P, Jacobs MR, Creger R, Lazarus HM. Aspergillosis
due to carpet contamination. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol
1994;15:221–3. - Suzuki A, Namba Y, Matsuura M, Horisawa A. Bacterial contamination of floors and other surfaces in operating rooms: a five–year survey.
J Hyg (Lond) 1984;93:559–66. - Skoutelis AT, Westenfelder GO, Beckerdite M, Phair JP. Hospital carpeting and epidemiology of Clostridium difficile. Am J Infect Control
1994;22:212–7. - Rutala WA, Odette RL, Samsa GP. Management of infectious waste
by US hospitals. JAMA 1989;262:1635–40. - CDC. Perspectives in disease prevention and health promotion. Summary of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry report
to Congress: the public health implications of medical waste. MMWR
1990; 39:822–4. - Palenik CJ. Managing regulated waste in dental environments.
J Contemp Dent Pract 2003;4:76. - Rutala WA, Mayhall CG. Medical waste. Infect Control Hosp
Edidemiol 1992;13:38–48. - Greene R, State and Territorial Association on Alternate Treatment
Technologies. Technical assistance manual: state regulatory oversight
of medical waste treatment technologies. 2nd ed. Washington, DC:
US Environmental Protection Agency, 1994. Available at http://www.
epa.gov/epaoswer/other/medical/mwpdfs/ta/1.pdf. - US Environmental Protection Agency. 40 CFR Part 60. Standards of
performance for new stationary sources and emission guidelines for
existing sources: hospital/medical/infectious waste incinerators; final
rule. Federal Register 1997;62:48347–91. - Slade JS, Pike EB, Eglin RP, Colbourne JS, Kurtz JB. The survival of
human immunodeficiency virus in water, sewage, and sea water. Water
Sci Tech 1989;21:55–9. - Walker JT, Bradshaw DJ, Bennett AM, Fulford MR, Martin MV, Marsh
PD. Microbial biofilm formation and contamination of dental-unit
water systems in general dental practice. Appl Environ Microbiol
2000;66:3363–7. - Schulze-Robbecke R, Feldmann C, Fischeder R, Janning B, Exner M,
Wahl G. Dental units: an environmental study of sources of potentially pathogenic mycobacteria. Tuber Lung Dis 1995;76:318–23. - Barbeau J, Tanguay R, Faucher E, et al. Multiparametric analysis of
waterline contamination in dental units. Appl Environ Microbiol
1996;62:3954–9. - Atlas RM, Williams JF, Huntington MK. Legionella contamination of
dental-unit waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995;61:1208–13. - Kelstrup J, Funder-Nielsen T, Theilade J. Microbial aggregate contamination of water lines in dental equipment and its control. Acta Pathol
Microbiol Scand [B] 1977;85:177–83. - Challacombe SJ, Fernandes LL. Detecting Legionella pneumophila in
water systems: a comparison of various dental units. J Am Dent Assoc
1995;126:603–8. - Mayo JA, Oertling KM, Andrieu SC. Bacterial biofilm: a source of contamination in dental air-water syringes. Clin Prev Dent 1990;12:13–20.
- Scheid RC, Kim CK, Bright JS, Whitely MS, Rosen S. Reduction of
microbes in handpieces by flushing before use. J Am Dent Assoc
1982;105:658–60. - Bagga BS, Murphy RA, Anderson AW, Punwani I. Contamination of
dental unit cooling water with oral microorganisms and its prevention. J Am Dent Assoc 1984;109:712–6. - Martin MV. The significance of the bacterial contamination of dental
unit water systems. Br Dent J 1987;163:152–4. - Pankhurst CL, Philpott-Howard JN, Hewitt JH, Casewell MW. The
efficacy of chlorination and filtration in the control and eradication of
Legionella from dental chair water systems. J Hosp Infect 1990;16:9–18. - Mills SE, Lauderdale PW, Mayhew RB. Reduction of microbial contamination in dental units with povidone-iodine 10%. J Am Dent
Assoc 1986;113:280–4. - Williams JF, Johnston AM, Johnson B, Huntington MK, Mackenzie
CD. Microbial contamination of dental unit waterlines: prevalence,
intensity and microbiological characteristics. J Am Dent Assoc
1993;124:59–65. - Mills SE. The dental unit waterline controversy: defusing the myths,
defining the solutions. J Am Dent Assoc 2000;131:1427–41. - Jones F, Bartlett CL. Infections associated with whirlpools and spas.
Soc Appl Bacteriol Symp Ser 1985;14:61S–6S. - Hollyoak V, Allison D, Summers J. Pseudomonas aeruginosa wound
infection associated with a nursing home’s whirlpool bath. Commun
Dis Rep CDR Rev 1995;5:R100–2.
Vol. 52 / RR-17 Recommendations and Reports 57 - Begg N, O’Mahony M, Penny P, Richardson EA, Basavaraj DS. Mycobacterium chelonei associated with a hospital hydrotherapy pool. Community Med 1986;8:348–50.
- Laussucq S, Baltch AL, Smith RP, et al. Nosocomial Mycobacterium
fortuitum colonization from a contaminated ice machine. Am Rev
Respir Dis 1988;138:891–4. - Struelens MJ, Rost F, Deplano A, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia after biliary endoscopy: an outbreak
investigation using DNA macrorestriction analysis. Am J Med 1993;95:
489–98. - Kuritsky JN, Bullen MG, Broome CV, Silcox VA, Good RC, Wallace RJ
Jr. Sternal wound infections and endocarditis due to organisms of the
Mycobacterium fortuitum complex. Ann Intern Med 1983;98:938–9. - Bolan G, Reingold AL, Carson LA, et al. Infections with Mycobacterium chelonei in patients receiving dialysis and using processed
hemodialyzers. J Infect Dis 1985;152:1013–9. - Lessing MP, Walker MM. Fatal pulmonary infection due to Mycobacterium fortuitum. J Clin Pathol 1993;46:271–2.
- Arnow PM, Chou T, Weil D, Shapiro EN, Kretzschmar C. Nosocomial Legionnaires’ disease caused by aerosolized tap water from respiratory devices. J Infect Dis 1982;146:460–7.
- Breiman RF, Fields BS, Sanden GN, Volmer L, Meier A, Spika JS.
Association of shower use with Legionnaires’ disease: possible role of
amoebae. JAMA 1990;263:2924–6. - Garbe PL, Davis BJ, Weisfeld JS, et al. Nosocomial Legionnaires’ disease: epidemiologic demonstration of cooling towers as a source. JAMA
1985;254:521–4. - Fallon RJ, Rowbotham TJ. Microbiological investigations into an outbreak of Pontiac fever due to Legionella micdadei associated with use of
a whirlpool. J Clin Pathol 1990;43:479–83. - Rose CS, Martyny JW, Newman LS, et al. “Lifeguard lung”: endemic
granulomatous pneumonitis in an indoor swimming pool. Am J Public Health 1998;88:1795–1800. - CDC. Epidemiologic notes and reports: Legionnaires’ disease outbreak
associated with a grocery store mist machine—Louisiana, 1989.
MMWR 1990;39:108–10. - Jacobs RL, Thorner RE, Holcomb JR, Schwietz LA, Jacobs FO.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by Cladosporium in an enclosed
hot-tub area. Ann Intern Med 1986;105:204–6. - Clark A. Bacterial colonization of dental units and the nasal flora of
dental personnel. Proc Roy Soc Med 1974;67:1269–70. - Fotos PG, Westfall HN, Snyder IS, Miller RW, Mutchler BM. Prevalence of Legionella-specific IgG and IgM antibody in a dental clinic
population. J Dent Res 1985;64:1382–5. - Reinthaler FF, Mascher F, Stunzner D. Serological examinations for
antibodies against Legionella species in dental personnel. J Dent Res
1988;67:942–3. - Putnins EE, Di Giovanni D, Bhullar AS. Dental unit waterline contamination and its possible implications during periodontal surgery.
J Periodontol 2001;72:393–400. - United States Pharmacopeial Convention. Sterile water for irrigation.
In: United States Pharmacopeial Convention. United States pharmacopeia and national formulary. USP 24–NF 19. Rockville, MD: United
States Pharmacopeial Convention, 1997:1753. - Milton DK, Wypij D, Kriebel D, Walters MD, Hammond SK, Evans
JS. Endotoxin exposure-response in a fiberglass manufacturing facility. Am J Ind Med 1996;29:3–13. - Santiago JI. Microbial contamination of dental unit waterlines: short
and long term effects of flushing. Gen Dent 1994;42:528–35. - Shearer BG. Biofilm and the dental office. J Am Dent Assoc 1996;
127:181–9. - Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, American National Standards Institute. Hemodialysis systems. ANSI/AAMI
RD5-1992. Arlington, VA: Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, 1993. - US Environmental Protection Agency. National primary drinking water
regulations, 1999: list of contaminants. Washington DC: US Environmental Protection Agency, 1999. Available at http://www.epa.gov/
safewater/mcl.html. - American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Foundation. In: Eaton AD, Clesceri LS,
Greenberg AE, eds. Standard methods for the examination of water
and wastewater. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 1999. - Williams HN, Johnson A, Kelley JI, et al. Bacterial contamination of
the water supply in newly installed dental units. Quintessence Int
1995;26:331–7. - Scheid RC, Rosen S, Beck FM. Reduction of CFUs in high-speed handpiece water lines over time. Clin Prev Dent 1990;12:9–12.
- Williams HN, Kelley J, Folineo D, Williams GC, Hawley CL, Sibiski
J. Assessing microbial contamination in clean water dental units and
compliance with disinfection protocol. J Am Dent Assoc 1994;125:
1205–11. - CDC, Working Group on Waterborne Cryptosporidiosis.
Cryptosporidium and water: a public health handbook. Atlanta, GA:
US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC, 1997. - MacKenzie WR, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, et al. A massive outbreak in
Milwaukee of cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public
water supply. N Engl J Med 1994;331:161–7. - Kaminski JC. Cryptosporidium and the public water supply. N Engl
J Med 1994;331:1529–30. - CDC. Assessing the public health threat associated with waterborne
cryptosporidiosis: report of a workshop. MMWR 1995;44(No. RR-6). - CDC. Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks—United States,
1993–1994. MMWR 1996;45(No. SS-1). - Office of Water, US Environmental Protection Agency. Lead and copper rule: summary of revisions. EPA 815–R–99–020. Washington DC:
US Environmental Protection Agency, 2000. - US Environmental Protection Agency. 65 CFR Parts 141 and 142.
National primary drinking water regulations for lead and copper, final
rule. Federal Register 2000;1949–2015. - Gooch B, Marianos D, Ciesielski C, et al. Lack of evidence for patientto-patient transmission of HIV in a dental practice. J Am Dent Assoc
1993;124:38–44. - Crawford JJ, Broderius C. Control of cross-infection risks in the dental operatory: preventon of water retraction by bur cooling spray systems. J Am Dent Assoc 1988;116:685–7.
- Mills SE, Kuehne JC, Bradley DV Jr. Bacteriological analysis of highspeed handpiece turbines. J Am Dent Assoc 1993;124:59–62.
- Lewis DL, Arens M, Appleton SS, et al. Cross-contamination potential with dental equipment. Lancet 1992;340:1252–4.
- Lewis DL, Boe RK. Cross-infection risks associated with current procedures for using high-speed dental handpieces. J Clin Microbiol
1992;30:401–6.
58 MMWR December 19, 2003 - Checchi L, Montebugnoli L, Samaritani S. Contamination of the turbine air chamber: a risk of cross infection. J Clin Periodontol
1998;25:607–11. - Epstein JB, Rea G, Sibau L, Sherlock CH, Le ND. Assessing viral
retention and elimination in rotary dental instruments. J Am Dent
Assoc 1995;126:87–92. - Kolstad RA. How well does the chemiclave sterilize handpieces? J Am
Dent Assoc 1998;129:985–91. - Kuehne JS, Cohen ME, Monroe SB. Performance and durability of
autoclavable high-speed dental handpieces. NDRI-PR 92-03. Bethesda,
MD: Naval Dental Research Institute, 1992. - Andersen HK, Fiehn NE, Larsen T. Effect of steam sterilization inside
the turbine chambers of dental turbines. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral
Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;87:184–8. - Leonard DL, Charlton DG. Performance of high-speed dental
handpieces subjected to simulated clinical use and sterilization. J Am
Dent Assoc 1999;130:1301–11. - Barbeau J, ten Bokum L, Gauthier C, Prevost AP. Cross-contamination
potential of saliva ejectors used in dentistry. J Hosp Infect 1998;
40:303–11. - Mann GL, Campbell TL, Crawford JJ. Backflow in low-volume suction lines: the impact of pressure changes. J Am Dent Assoc
1996;127:611–5. - Watson CM, Whitehouse RL. Possibility of cross-contamination
between dental patients by means of the saliva ejector. J Am Dent Assoc
1993;124:77–80. - Glass BJ, Terezhalmy GT. Infection control in dental radiology [Chapter
15]. In: Cottone JA, Terezhalamy GT, Molinari JA, eds. Practical
infection control in dentisty. 2nd ed. Baltimore. MD: Williams &
Wilkins, 1996:229–38. - Haring JI, Jansen L. Infection control and the dental radiographer. In:
Haring JI, Jansen L, eds. Dental radiography: principles and techniques.
Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co., 2000:194–204. - Hignett M, Claman P. High rates of perforation are found in
endovaginal ultrasound probe covers before and after oocyte retrieval
for in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. J Assist Reprod Genet
1995;12:606–9. - Fritz S, Hust MH, Ochs C, Gratwohl I, Staiger M, Braun B. Use of a
latex cover sheath for transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) instead
of regular disinfection of the echoscope? Clin Cardiol 1993;16:737–40. - Milki AA, Fisch JD. Vaginal ultrasound probe cover leakage: implications for patient care. Fertil Steril 1998;69:409–11.
- Storment JM, Monga M, Blanco JD. Ineffectiveness of latex condoms
in preventing contamination of the transvaginal ultrasound transducer
head. South Med J 1997;90:206–8. - Amis S, Ruddy M, Kibbler CC, Economides DL, MacLean AB.
Assessment of condoms as probe covers for transvaginal sonography.
J Clin Ultrasound 2000;28:295–8. - Rooks VJ, Yancey MK, Elg SA, Brueske L. Comparison of probe sheaths
for endovaginal sonography. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87:27–9. - Hokett SD, Honey JR, Ruiz F, Baisden MK, Hoen MM. Assessing the
effectiveness of direct digital radiography barrier sheaths and finger
cots. J Am Dent Assoc 2000;131:463–7. - ASHP Council on Professional Affairs. ASHP guidelines on quality
assurance for pharmacy-prepared sterile products. Am J Health Syst
Pharm 2000;57:1150–69. - Green KA, Mustachi B, Schoer K, Moro D, Blend R, McGeer A.
Gadolinium-based MR contrast media: potential for growth of microbial contaminants when single vials are used for multiple patients.
Am J Roentgenol 1995;165:669–71. - American Society of Anesthesiologists. Recommendations for infection control for the practice of anesthesiology. 2nd ed. Park Ridge,
IL: American Society of Anesthesiologists,1999. - Henry B, Plante-Jenkins C, Ostrowska K. An outbreak of Serratia
marcescens associated with the anesthetic agent propofol. Am J Infect
Control 2001;29:312–5. - Plott RT, Wagner RF Jr, Tyring SK. Iatrogenic contamination of
multidose vials in simulated use. A reassessment of current patient
injection technique. Arch Dermatol 1990;126:1441–4. - Arrington ME, Gabbert KC, Mazgaj PW, Wolf MT. Multidose vial
contamination in anesthesia. AANA J 1990;58:462–6. - CDC. Recommendations for preventing transmission of infections
among chronic hemodialysis patients. MMWR 2001;50(No. RR-5). - Food and Drug Administration. Labeling recommendations for singleuse devices reprocessed by third parties and hospitals; final guidance
for industry and FDA. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and
Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, 2001. - Villasenor A, Hill SD, Seale NS. Comparison of two ultrasonic cleaning units for deterioration of cutting edges and debris removal on dental burs. Pediatr Dent 1992;14:326–30.
- Rapisarda E, Bonaccorso A, Tripi TR, Condorelli GG. Effect of sterilization on the cutting efficiency of rotary nickel-titanium endodontic files.
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;88:343–7. - Filho IB, Esberard RM, Leonardo R, del Rio CE. Microscopic evaluation of three endodontic files pre- and postinstrumentation. J Endodontics 1998;24:461–4.
- Silvaggio J, Hicks ML. Effect of heat sterilization on the torsional properties of rotary nickel-titanium endodontic files. J Endodontics
1997;23:731–4. - Kazemi RB, Stenman E, Spangberg LS. The endodontic file is a disposable instrument. J Endodontics 1995;21:451–5.
- Dajani AS, Bisno AL, Chung KJ, et al. Prevention of bacterial
endocarditis: recommendations by the American Heart Association.
JAMA 1990;264:2919–22. - Pallasch TJ, Slots J. Antibiotic prophylaxis and the medically compromised patient. Periodontology 2000 1996;10:107–38.
- Litsky BY, Mascis JD, Litsky W. Use of an antimicrobial mouthwash
to minimize the bacterial aerosol contamination generated by the highspeed drill. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1970;29:25–30. - Mohammed CI, Monserrate V. Preoperative oral rinsing as a means of
reducing air contamination during use of air turbine handpieces. Oral
Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1970;29:291–4. - Wyler D, Miller RL, Micik RE. Efficacy of self-administered preoperative oral hygiene procedures in reducing the concentration of bacteria in aerosols generated during dental procedures. J Dent Res
1971;50:509. - Muir KF, Ross PW, MacPhee IT, Holbrook WP, Kowolik MJ. Reduction of microbial contamination from ultrasonic scalers. Br Dent
J 1978;145:76–8. - Fine DH, Mendieta C, Barnett ML, et al. Efficacy of preprocedural
rinsing with an antiseptic in reducing viable bacteria in dental aerosols. J Periodontol 1992;63:821–4. - Fine DH, Furgang D, Korik I, Olshan A, Barnett ML, Vincent JW.
Reduction of viable bacteria in dental aerosols by preprocedural rinsing with an antiseptic mouthrinse. Am J Dent 1993;6:219–21.
Vol. 52 / RR-17 Recommendations and Reports 59 - Fine DH, Yip J, Furgang D, Barnett ML, Olshan AM, Vincent J.
Reducing bacteria in dental aerosols: pre-procedural use of an antiseptic mouth rinse. J Am Dent Assoc 1993;124:56–8. - Logothetis DD, Martinez-Welles JM. Reducing bacterial aerosol contamination with a chlorhexidine gluconate pre-rinse. J Am Dent Assoc
1995;126:1634–9. - Klyn SL, Cummings DE, Richardson BW, Davis RD. Reduction of
bacteria-containing spray produced during ultrasonic scaling. Gen Dent
2001;49:648–52. - Brown AR, Papasian CJ, Shultz P, Theisen FC, Shultz RE. Bacteremia
and intraoral suture removal: can an antimicrobial rinse help? J Am
Dent Assoc 1998;129:1455–61. - Lockhart PB. An analysis of bacteremias during dental extractions.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of chlorhexidine. Arch
Intern Med 1996;156:513–20. - Dajani AS, Bisno AL, Chung KJ, et al. Prevention of bacterial
endocarditis: recommendations by the American Heart Association.
JAMA 1997;277:1794–1801. - Tate WH, White RR. Disinfection of human teeth for educational
purposes. J Dent Educ 1991;55:583–5. - Pantera EA Jr, Zambon JJ, Shih-Levine M. Indirect immunofluorescence for the detection of Bacteroides species in human dental pulp.
J Endodontics 1988;14:218–23. - Pantera EA Jr, Schuster GS. Sterilization of extracted human teeth.
J Dent Educ 1990;54:283–5. - Parsell DE, Stewart BM, Barker JR, Nick TG, Karns L, Johnson RB.
The effect of steam sterilization on the physical properties and perceived cutting characteristics of extracted teeth. J Dent Educ 1998;
62;260–3. - American Dental Association’s Council on Scientific Affairs and Council on Dental Practice. Infection control recommendations for the dental
office and the dental laboratory. J Am Dent Assoc 1996;127:672–80. - Dental Laboratory Relationship Working Group, Organization for
Safety and Asepsis Procedures (OSAP). Laboratory asepsis position
paper. Annapolis, MD: OSAP Foundation, 1998. Available at http://
www.osap.org/issues/pages/position/LAB.pdf. - Kugel G, Perry RD, Ferrari M, Lalicata P. Disinfection and communication practices: a survey of U. S. dental laboratories. J Am Dent Assoc
2000;131:786–92. - US Department of Transportation. 49 CFR 173.196 infectious substances (etiologic agents) 173.197 regulated medical waste. Available
at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_02/49cfr173_02.html. - Chau VB, Saunders TR, Pimsler M, Elfring DR. In-depth disinfection
of acrylic resins. J Prosthet Dent 1995;74:309–13. - Powell GL, Runnells RD, Saxon BA, Whisenant BK. The presence
and identification of organisms transmitted to dental laboratories.
J Prosthet Dent 1990;64:235–7. - Giblin J, Podesta R, White J. Dimensional stability of impression
materials immersed in an iodophor disinfectant. Int J Prosthodont
1990;3:72–7. - Plummer KD, Wakefield CW. Practical infection control in dental laboratories. Gen Dent 1994;42:545–8.
- Merchant VA. Infection control in the dental laboratory equipment
[Chapter 16]. In: Cottone JA, Terezhalamy GT, Molinari JA, eds. Practical infection control in dentisty. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams &
Wilkins, 1996:239–54. - Molinari J. Dental. In: Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. (APIC). APIC text of infection control
and epidemiology. Washington, DC: Association for Professionals in
Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc, 2002. - Sofou A, Larsen T, Fiehn NE, Owall B. Contamination level of alginate impressions arriving at a dental laboratory. Clin Oral Invest
2002;6:161–5. - McNeill MR, Coulter WA, Hussey DL. Disinfection of irreversible
hydrocolloid impressions: a comparative study. Int J Prosthodont
1992;5:563–7. - Gerhardt DE, Sydiskis RJ. Impression materials and virus. J Am Dent
Assoc 1991;122:51–4. - Leung RL, Schonfeld SE. Gypsum casts as a potential source of microbial cross-contamination. J Prosthet Dent 1983;49:210–1.
- Huizing KL, Palenik CJ, Setcos JC, Sheldrake MA, Miller, CH. Method
of evaluating the antimicrobial abilities of disinfectant-containing gypsum products. QDT Yearbook 1994;17:172–6. - Verran J, Kossar S, McCord JF. Microbiological study of selected risk
areas in dental technology laboratories. J Dent 1996;24:77–80. - CDC. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH
Health Hazard Evaluation and Technical Assistance Report. Cincinnati, OH: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public
Health Service, CDC, National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health, 1988. HETA 85-136-1932. - CDC. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH
Health Hazard Evaluation and Technical Assistance Report. Cincinnati, OH: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public
Health Service, CDC, National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health, 1990. HETA 88-101-2008. - CDC. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Control of smoke from laser/electric surgical procedures. Cincinnati, OH:
US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, - DHHS publication no. (NIOSH) 96-128.
- Taravella MJ, Weinberg A, Blackburn P, May M. Do intact viral particles
survive excimer laser ablation? Arch Ophthalmol 1997;115:1028–30. - Hagen KB, Kettering JD, Aprecio RM, Beltran F, Maloney RK. Lack
of virus transmission by the excimer laser plume. Am J Ophthalmol
1997;124:206–11. - Kunachak S, Sithisarn P, Kulapaditharom B. Are laryngeal papilloma
virus-infected cells viable in the plume derived from a continuous mode
carbon dioxide laser, and are they infectious? A preliminary report on
one laser mode. J Laryng Otol 1996;110:1031–3. - Hughes PS, Hughes AP. Absence of human papillomavirus DNA in
the plume of erbium: YAG laser-treated warts. J Am Acad Dermatol
1998;38:426–8. - Garden JM, O’Banion MK, Shelnitz LS, et al. Papillomavirus in the
vapor of carbon dioxide laser-treated verrucae. JAMA 1988;259:
1199–1202. - Sawchuk WS, Weber PJ, Lowry DR, Dzubow LM. Infectious
papillomavirus in the vapor of warts treated with carbon dioxide laser
or electrocoagulation: detection and protection. J Am Acad Dermatol
1989;21:41–9. - Baggish MS, Poiesz BJ, Joret D, Williamson P, Rafai A. Presence of
human immunodeficiency virus DNA in laser smoke. Lasers Surg Med
1991;11:197–203. - Capizzi PJ, Clay RP, Battey MJ. Microbiologic activity in laser resurfacing plume and debris. Lasers Surg Med 1998;23:172–4.
60 MMWR December 19, 2003 - McKinley IB Jr, Ludlow MO. Hazards of laser smoke during endodontic therapy. J Endodontics 1994;20:558–9.
- Favero MS, Bolyard EA. Microbiologic considerations. Disinfection
and sterilization strategies and the potential for airborne transmission
of bloodborne pathogens. Surg Clin North Am 1995;75:1071–89. - Association of Operating Room Nurses. Recommended practices for
laser safety in the practice setting. In: Fogg D, ed. Standards, recommended practices and guidelines. Denver, CO: AORN, 2003. - Streifel AJ. Recognizing IAQ risk and implementing an IAQ program.
In: Hansen W, ed. A guide to managing indoor air quality in health
care organizations. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: Joint Commission on
Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations Publishers, 1997. - US Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Safety and health topics: laser/electrosurgery plume. Washington DC: US Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, 2003. Available at http://www.osha-slc.gov/SLTC/
laserelectrosurgeryplume. - American Thoracic Society, CDC. Diagnostic standards and classification of tuberculosis in adults and children. Am J Resp Crit Care
2000;161:1376–95. - Wells WF. Aerodynamics of droplet nuclei [Chapter 3]. In: Wells WF,
ed. Airborne contagion and air hygiene: an ecological study of droplet
infections. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1955. - CDC. Prevention and treatment of tuberculosis among patients
infected with human immunodeficiency virus: principles of therapy
and revised recommendations. MMWR 1998;47(No. RR-20). - Smith WH, Davies D, Mason KD, Onions JP. Intraoral and pulmonary tuberculosis following dental treatment. Lancet 1982;1:842–4.
- CDC. Self-reported tuberculin skin testing among Indian Health Service and Bureau of Prisons dentists, 1993. MMWR 1994;43:209–11.
- Mikitka D, Mills SE, Dazey SE, Gabriel ME. Tuberculosis infection in
US Air Force dentists. Am J Dent 1995;8:33–6. - CDC. World Health Organization consultation on public health issues
related to bovine spongiform encephalopathy and the emergence of a
new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. MMWR 1996;45:295–6. - CDC. Surveillance for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease—United States.
MMWR 1996;45:665–8. - Johnson RT, Gibbs CJ Jr. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and related transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. N Engl J Med 1998;339:
1994–2004. - CDC. New variant CJD: fact sheet. Atlanta, GA: US Department of
Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC, 2003. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/cjd/cjd_fact_sheet.htm. - Will RG, Ironside JW, Zeidler M, et al. A new variant of CreutzfeldtJakob disease in the UK. Lancet 1996;347:921–5.
- Bruce ME, Will RG, Ironside JW, et al. Transmission to mice indicate
that ‘new variant’ CJD is caused by the BSE agent. Nature 1997;389:
498–501. - Collinge J, Sidle KC, Meads J, Ironside J, Hill AF. Molecular analysis
of prion strain variation and the aetiology of ‘new variant’ CJD.
Nature 1996;383:685–90. - World Health Organization. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).
Fact Sheet No. 113. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2002. Available at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/
fs113/en/.
تاريخ : سه شنبه پانزدهم م اسفند ۱۴۰۱ | 16:43 | نویسنده : دکتر طالبیان |



